Physical Robots in Remote Learning: A Systematic Review of Applications, Impacts, and Challenges

Remote learning is a widely accepted educational approach, offering flexibility and accessibility. However, it faces challenges including low student engagement, social isolation, and difficulties in providing practical courses. In remote learning environments, robots are emerging as innovative solutions. This systematic review evaluates robot applications in remote learning, examining their types, educational impacts, and implementation challenges. Twenty studies (2018-2025) were identified and analyzed from the Web of Science database. Two primary robot types were identified: telepresence robots serving as physical embodiments for remote learners, and social/companion robots providing intelligent interaction. Robot functions were found to have evolved from basic mobility and communication to advanced capabilities including emotional expression and personalized support. The findings revealed a dual impact: While robots can enhance social presence, engagement, and inclusion, these benefits were frequently undermined by substantial technical, ethical, and practical challenges. Although robots show significant potential for enhancing the remote learning experience, their successful implementation requires a focus on advanced AI integration, clear ethical guidelines, and comprehensive pedagogical strategies.