POLICY FRAMEWORKS AND CASE STUDIES TO STRENGTHEN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION’S ASSISTANCE FOR GREEN SMES

This paper examines the relationship between tourism, transport energy use and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the United States from 1995 to 2019. It then analyses the causality and coherence of these variables over time using the Breitung–Candelon spectral Granger causality, wavelet coherence analysis and autoregressive distributed lag models. This study establishes that tourism is the primary determinant of transport energy demand and consequently boosts CO₂ emissions. The study concludes that there is a strong call for sustainable transport policies as a way of reducing harm to the environment. Thus, this research provides comprehensive quantitative information to help policymakers interested in achieving economic growth without harming the environment.