Stabilities and structures of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP _22-28) oligomers: From dimer to 16-mer

Background The formation of amyloid fibrils is associated with many age-related degenerative diseases. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism that directs the nucleation of these fibrils is not fully understood. Methods Here, we performed MD simulations for the NFGAILS motif of hIAPP associated with the type II diabetes to estimate the stabilities of hIAPP_22-28 protofibrils with different sizes: from 2 to 16 chains. In addition, to study the initial self-assembly stage, 4 and 8 IAPP_22-28 chains in explicit solvent were also simulated. Results Our results indicate that the ordered protofibrils with no more than 16 hIAPP_22-28 chains will be structurally stable in two layers, while one-layer or three-layer models are not stable as expected. Furthermore, the oligomerization simulations show that the initial coil structures of peptides can quickly aggregate and convert to partially ordered β-sheet-rich oligomers. Conclusions Based on the obtained results, we found that the stability of an IAPP_22-28 oligomer was not only related with its size but also with its morphology. The driving forces to form and stabilize an oligomer are the hydrophobic effects and backbone H-bond interaction. Our simulations also indicate that IAPP_22-28 peptides tend to form an antiparallel strand orientation within the sheet. General significance Our finding can not only enhance the understanding about potential mechanisms of hIAPP nuclei formation and the extensive structural polymorphisms of oligomers, but also provide valuable information to develop potential β-sheet formation inhibitors against type II diabetes.