Determination of bisphenols, triclosan, and parabens in bottled water by solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and assessment of the associated health risk

Among the various endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), bisphenols, triclosan, and parabens have been widely used in various products, and their potential risks to human health have raised concerns. This study aimed to investigate the concentrations and health risks of bisphenols, triclosan, and parabens in bottled water for infants. These analytes were detected using solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The sample recoveries ranged from 81.8% to 96.1%, with intra-day and inter-day precisions < 8.1% and 15.6%, respectively. The limit of detection was 0.2 ng L^–1. The amounts of these analytes released from bottled water showed a positive correlation with storage duration and temperature. Especially, after 8 weeks of storage, propylparaben release increased from 13.1 ng L^–1 to 41.4 ng L^–1 at 25 ℃, the releases for ethylparaben from 27.0 ng L^–1 to 87.5 ng L^–1 at 40 ℃. The maximum estimated daily intake of the target analyte in the samples was 11.3 ng/kg-bw/day, which was several orders lower than the tolerable daily intake.